Philosophy of the 10th and 11th centuries: Berengar of Tours

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The controversy over the Eucharist, which took place in the middle of the 11th century, also called into question the scope of dialectics. Paschaeus Radbert (died around 860) had taught that, in the consecration, “by the power of the Spirit, … Read More

German philosophy before Leibniz

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In a pamphlet entitled Aurora seu initia scientiae generalis, Leibniz contrasts the barbaric and primitive practice of drawing fire from the friction of pieces of wood with the learned practice of borrowing from the sun’s rays. “On the one hand, … Read More

Deism in the 18th Century

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Fénelon has precisely described the scope and nature of the deist movement which, in the first generations of the 18th century, especially in England and France, was so important: “The great fashion of the libertines of our time is not … Read More

Between Cooperation and Competition: Europe’s Evolving Geopolitical Partnership with China

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Introduction Europe and China have a complex relationship that balances economic cooperation with strategic competition. The prospect of a deeper geopolitical partnership between the European Union (EU) and China carries significant implications for global power dynamics. This report examines current … Read More

19th Century Philosophy — Period of Systems (1800-1850) (3)

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To the doctrines which realize historical forces, such as “the spirit of the people”, the nation, the race, humanity, there corresponds a philosophy of nature which sees in nature and natural forces a stable and permanent reality; here again unity … Read More

The US-Romania Strategic Partnership: 28 Years of Collaboration and Future Prospects – Alexandru Cristian

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The United States and Romania have cultivated a dynamic and strategic relationship, forged over decades of diplomatic, military, and economic cooperation. As the two nations celebrate 28 years of their Strategic Partnership, this alliance remains a crucial pillar of security in Eastern Europe, particularly in the face of evolving geopolitical challenges. Looking ahead, Romania’s deepening engagement with the United States suggests the potential for further institutionalization, possibly culminating in a formal treaty.

The awakening of philosophy around 1890

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What are the current philosophical opinions around 1880? We see only defenses, negations, reductions that annihilate being and intellectual or moral values; the Spencerian prohibition that stops the mind at the barrier of the unknowable, and which thinks to expel … Read More

Middle Stoicism: Posidonius (1)

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This brilliant development of Stoicism continued in a completely different way with the Syrian Posidonius of Apamea (135-51). A great traveler and great observer of nature, he visited all the coasts of the Mediterranean, Sicily, the coasts of the Adriatic, … Read More

Orthodoxy and heresies in the 4th and 5th centuries (2)

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As for Pelagianism, the starting point of the conflict was an attempt at monastic reform by the monk Pelagius, who, in order to combat Christians who excused themselves, on the grounds of the weakness of the flesh, for not carrying … Read More

Middle Stoicism: Panetius of Rhodes

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(Panetius of Rhodes) Panetius of Rhodes was one of the most curious characters of the late 2nd century. The friendship which linked Panetius (as well as the historian Polybius) to eminent Romans of his time, to Scipio Aemilianus and to … Read More

The Rise of a Technological Oligarchy in the United States: A Future Within Reach?

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As technology continues to reshape every facet of human existence, a critical question arises: Is the United States on the brink of becoming a technological oligarchy? While the concept might seem like science fiction, the convergence of economic, political, and … Read More

Cynical Hedonism (1)

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One of the first manifestations of a current of thought very distinct from Stoicism and Epicureanism  in the 3rd century, in agreement with Stoicism in using dialectic and with Epicureanism in denying Stoic beliefs, but radically hostile to the dogmatism … Read More

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