Middle Stoicism: Posidonius (1)

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This brilliant development of Stoicism continued in a completely different way with the Syrian Posidonius of Apamea (135-51). A great traveler and great observer of nature, he visited all the coasts of the Mediterranean, Sicily, the coasts of the Adriatic, … Read More

Middle Stoicism: Panetius of Rhodes

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(Panetius of Rhodes) Panetius of Rhodes was one of the most curious characters of the late 2nd century. The friendship which linked Panetius (as well as the historian Polybius) to eminent Romans of his time, to Scipio Aemilianus and to … Read More

Cynical Hedonism (1)

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One of the first manifestations of a current of thought very distinct from Stoicism and Epicureanism  in the 3rd century, in agreement with Stoicism in using dialectic and with Epicureanism in denying Stoic beliefs, but radically hostile to the dogmatism … Read More

Middle Stoicism in the 1st century BC

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The scholars who succeeded Chrysippus – during the 2nd century until Panetius, from 204 to 129 – already show us a certain change in Stoic thought and a relaxation of dogmatism. Sextus says, without specifying further, that the new Stoics … Read More

The concepts of Stoicism

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Wisdom and philosophy Stoic philosophy is a coherent whole: it is a philosophy of totality which aims to be consciously systematic, which is one of the characteristic traits of ancient systems of thought. This doctrine proceeds to divisions of the … Read More

Stoicism

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Stoicism is a school of Hellenistic philosophy founded by Zeno of Kition at the end of the 4th century BC in Athens. Stoicism is a philosophy of personal ethics influenced by its logical system and views of the natural world. … Read More