The refutation of the animal-machine hypothesis can be made by the comparison between the organization of machines and living beings. For this it is possible to rely on the definition of living being developed by Jean-Baptiste Lamarck. Lamarck notes that … Read More
(Thermal power station and wind turbines, Peine, Lower Saxony, Germany.) The reality of risk and the phenomenon is now almost consensus. The author of the Stern report, Nicholas Stern, in 2006, himself admitted to having underestimated the scale of the … Read More
In philosophy, more specifically in theology, the problem of Evil is the question of how to reconcile the existence of evil with that of an omniscient, omnipotent, and good God. Presentation of the problem Two forms of the problem of … Read More
Access to the Arctic Ocean A decrease in Arctic polar ice has opened up new trade routes for ships, and would make undersea resources of oil or raw materials accessible, but with adverse consequences for many species, such as plankton … Read More
Behaviorism is a branch of psychology that studies observable behavior and analysis it as a process within the environment and as the history of the individual’s interactions with his environment. Behaviorism is based on experimentation and scientific measurement. It aims … Read More
Faced with global warming, the American Academy of Sciences notes, in a 2002 report: “It is important not to adopt a fatalistic attitude in the face of the threats posed by climate change. (…) Societies have had to deal with … Read More
(Aerial view of the Central Intelligence Agency headquarters, Langley, Virginia.) Applied ethics is a branch of ethics that applies its principles to a particular set of circumstances and practices, taking into account the general criteria of ethics. Applied ethics can … Read More
Beyond the direct physical and climatic consequences of global warming, it will affect ecosystems, especially by modifying biodiversity. Scientists are beginning to propose relatively reliable projections of the future of biodiversity based on 5 determinants: habitat degradation and destruction, climate … Read More
The theory of mind-brain identity is a form of philosophical materialism concerning the nature of the mind. It is one of the main versions of the theory of psychophysical (mental/cerebral) identity with which it must not be confused. History The … Read More
Decline of ocean biomass The phytoplankton mass has declined by 1% per year for forty years. The oceanic dead zones, deficient in dissolved oxygen produced by these unicellular organisms, spread at a rate of 8% per year: the United Nations … Read More
(House of Commons of the United Kingdom) Representative democracy ( indirect democracy, representative republic, representative government or psephocracy), is a political system in which a restricted assembly is recognized as having the right to represent a people, a nation or … Read More
Models used to predict future global warming can also be used to simulate the consequences of this warming on other physical parameters of the Earth, such as ice caps, precipitation, or sea levels. In this area, a number of consequences … Read More
