Philosophers and currents of thought linked to direct democracy Age of Enlightenment In the 18th century, Europe rediscovered the democratic ideal with Jean-Jacques Rousseau, theoretician of popular sovereignty, and the encyclopaedists who were the Enlightenment. The author of The Social … Read More
The plurality of disciplines involved in structuralism and the methodologies used reflects the heterogeneous nature of the classic definition of it, and some authors (such as Jean Piaget in psychology) prefer to insert structuralism into a long-term history of scientific … Read More
Berkeley’s immaterialism (John Locke, whose empiricism strongly influenced the thinking of George Berkeley.) During the first half of the 18th century, the Irish philosopher, theologian and bishop George Berkeley developed a radical but influential idealist conception, later called “subjective idealism”, … Read More
The axioms and rules of propositional calculus for the classical logic induce the proposition p ∨ ¬p, called the principle of excluded middle, the proposition ¬¬p → p, called elimination of double negation and the proposition ((p → q) → … Read More
Chinese aesthetics (Buddhist temple in the mountains, old copy after Li Cheng.) Chinese art has a long history of evolving styles and designs. In ancient times, philosophers were already discussing aesthetics. Confucius (551-478 BCE) emphasized the role of arts and … Read More
(In Ned Block’s thought experiment, each member of the Chinese population performs the same functions as a neuron in the brain. he population of China is 1.4×109 people, while a human brain is estimated to have ≈1011 neurons. ) The … Read More
Bayesian reasoning Bayesian reasoning is a method based on inferences. This reasoning builds from observations a probability of the cause of a given event. The adjective “Bayesian” comes from British mathematician Thomas Bayes (1702-1761). It is him who formulated Bayes’ … Read More
It is the publisher who directs the entire production process of a book and, often, who also establishes the financial program integrating the expected costs and the expected profits, as in any business. The editorial manager must call on collaborators … Read More
Husserl’s idea of phenomenology Edmund Husserl’s phenomenology is first defined as a transcendental science that seeks to bring to light the universal structures of objectivity. The first objective pursued was to ensure an indubitable foundation for the sciences and for … Read More
A brief introduction to the subquantum regime, where the origination of all the observable events and processes of tour physical world can be found. Descending along the scale supplied by the divisibility of Quanta toward increasingly fine structures bearing fractional … Read More
Inability of citizens to govern, ignorance and inexperience of the masses Plato was the first to develop an important analysis and theory aimed at denouncing democracy, in this case the Athenian democracy, in which he lived. His criticism therefore does … Read More
Animal interests The philosopher Raymond Frey, in disagreement with Peter Singer, nevertheless places himself like the latter within the framework of the utilitarianism of preferences. In Interests and Rights (1980), Frey postulates that animals have no interests. Indeed, according to … Read More
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