Approaches and evolution in machine translation

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Approaches Direct approach: word for word translation of the source text to the target text reformulation of the word order in the target text translated Interlanguage approach: construction of the interlingua representation of the source text construction of the target … Read More

Difficulties in machine translation

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Ambiguities in the source language Lexical ambiguities: polysemy. In The Challenge of Languages, Claude Piron said that May 4, 1991 he asked a machine to translate in French: In such a case, you can make a very good case for … Read More

Translation process in machine translation

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(Vauquois Triangle, model for the foundation of the machine translation) The translation process (in the human sense) can be divided into three phases: understanding: assimilation of the meaning conveyed by a text, the mean of a writer …; deverbalisation: forgetting … Read More

BLEU

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BLEU (Bilingual Evaluation Understudy) is an algorithm for evaluating the quality of text which has been machine-translated from one natural language to another. Quality is considered to be the correspondence between a machine’s output and that of a human: “the … Read More

Comparison of machine translation applications

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Apertium A machine translation application is a program which can translate text or speech from one natural language to another. Machine translation applications are essential to the modern language industry. Please see the individual products’ articles for further information. General … Read More

Well-formed output in machine translation

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Is the output grammatical or well-formed in the target language? Using an interlingua should be helpful in this regard, because with a fixed interlingua one should be able to write a grammatical mapping to the target language from the interlingua. … Read More

Machine translation – Adaptive to colloquialism, argot or slang

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Is the system adaptive to colloquialism, argot or slang? The French language has many rules for creating words in the speech and writing of popular culture. Two such rules are: (a) The reverse spelling of words such as femme to … Read More

BLEU

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BLEU was one of the first metrics to report high correlation with human judgements of quality. The metric is currently one of the most popular in the field. The central idea behind the metric is that “the closer a machine … Read More

Automatic evaluation

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In the context of this article, a metric will be understood as a measurement. A metric for the evaluation of machine translation output is a measurement of the quality of the output. The quality of a translation is inherently subjective, … Read More

Machine translation applications

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There are now many software programs for translating natural language, several of them online, such as: SYSTRAN, which powers Yahoo’s Babel Fish Promt, which powers online translation services at Voila.fr and Orange.fr Although no system provides the holy grail of … Read More

Disambiguation in machine translation

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Word-sense disambiguation concerns finding a suitable translation when a word can have more than one meaning. The problem was first raised in the 1950s by Yehoshua Bar-Hillel.[1] He pointed out that without a “universal encyclopedia”, a machine would never be … Read More

Automatic Language Processing Advisory Committee (ALPAC)

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One of the constituent parts of the ALPAC report was a study comparing different levels of human translation with machine translation output, using human subjects as judges. The human judges were specially trained for the purpose. The evaluation study compared … Read More

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