THE EUROPEAN UNION The European Union — EU. In geographical terms, the European Union comprises the combined territories of its Member States. Since the Treaty of Lisbon (see 15.15), it now has legal personality in its own right and absorbs … Read More
The term translation process is any process, including non-verbal, which leads an initial text to its actualization in the same code or different code (target text). In the chain of communication, it represents the decoding phase and encoding of a … Read More
Full name: Italian Republic. Official language: Italian. Geography Cities Use the English spellings Florence, Genoa, Milan, Naples, Rome, Turin, Venice. Take care not to use the French spelling of other towns, which may differ only slightly from the Italian. Rivers … Read More
CORRESPONDENCE Translating incoming letters. If a letter is in an editable electronic format, simply overtype the original, though you need not translate irrelevant detail. However, if the letter cannot be overtyped, use a simple layout such as follows: Letter from: … Read More
Full name: Ireland. Ireland is the full name laid down in the Irish Constitution; Éire (the name in Irish) and Republic of Ireland/Irish Republic are incorrect in English. Official languages: English and Irish. Note that Irish became an EU official … Read More
LISTS Use automatic numbering wherever possible, since it is much easier to amend a list if the numbers are automatically adjusted. For the list items themselves, take care that each is a grammatically correct continuation of the introduction to the … Read More
Full name: Republic of Iceland. Official language: Icelandic. Judicial bodies Rannsóknarnefnd (Alþingis) > Special Investigation Commission Sérstaks saksóknari > Special Prosecutor Félagsdómur > Labour Court Héraðsdómur > district court Hæstiréttur > Supreme Court Landsdómur > Court of Impeachment
ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS Biannual/biennial. ‘Biannual’ means twice a year and ‘biennial’ means every two years, but the terms are often confused. If the meaning is not clear from the context, use alternatives such as ‘twice-yearly’ or ‘two-yearly’ or clarify what … Read More
Full name: Hungary. Official language: Hungarian. Geography Cities Always use the Hungarian names of cities (retaining any accents) when writing in English. Lakes Write Lake Balaton for Balaton. Regions MAGYARORSZÁG > HUNGARY Közép-Magyarország > Central Hungary Dunántúl > Transdanubia Közép-Dunántúl … Read More
FOREIGN WORDS AND PHRASES IN ENGLISH TEXT Foreign words and phrases used in an English text should be italicised (no inverted commas) and should have the appropriate accents, e.g. inter alia, raison d’être. Exceptions: words and phrases now in common … Read More
Full name: Hellenic Republic. Official language: Greek. Geography Cities Use traditional English spellings for well-known cities, regions, islands, etc. — the officially recommended transcription system has not found acceptance even within the European Union and is unknown elsewhere. However, use … Read More
ABBREVIATIONS General. The prime consideration when using abbreviations should be to help the reader. First, then, they should be easily understood. So when an abbreviation that may not be familiar to readers first occurs, it is best to write out … Read More
